A man who was declared suicidal by a New Mexico jail and alleges he was then left to rot in solitary confinement for nearly two years is just one of many former inmates who say they were denied essential mental health services while incarcerated at that detention center, which like others across the country has struggled with how to treat the mentally ill.
Stephen Slevin, 57, made headlines last week when a jury awarded him $22 million after he alleged inhumane treatment in the Dona Ana County Detention Center following his arrest in August 2005 on charges of driving while under the influence and possession of a stolen vehicle.
But a search of Dona Ana County court records reveals the detention center was also hit with a class-action lawsuit six months prior to Slevins’, in which 13 former inmates alleged their constitutional rights to mental health care had been “continually and persistently ignored.”
The lawsuit was settled in 2010, with a judgment of $400,000 for the plaintiffs and a commitment from the county to change its practices.
According to criminal justice experts, many other jails and prisons have struggled to adequately handle mentally ill inmates. Few areas of the country, they say, have the money and resources and staff to handle such a challenging population.
“The Supreme Court has established that you have a constitutional right to a basic level of adequate health care, which now includes mental health care,” Thomas Hafemeister, an associate professor at the University of Virginia School of Law, told msnbc.com. “They’ve recognized that there tends to be limited resources in this setting. As long as a qualified professional has examined the inmate and exercised his or her judgment as to what needs to be done, that’s all that is required.”
‘Cruel and unusual’
But Hafemeister, who has written about alternatives to the traditional criminal justice system for the mentally ill, explained that the definition of a “qualified professional” is a loose one.
“Some would argue for inmates, all that is required is medication,” he said, meaning anyone with a medical degree, from a physician to a psychiatrist, could be considered qualified.
“Often it’s very expensive. They’re only willing to come in for an hour a week, and they zoom through very quickly. It can be a very cursory examination,” Hafemeister said.
Slevin was detained for 22 months, released in June of 2007 without ever having been given a trial. By the time he was freed, he was deemed mentally incompetent, and his charges were dropped.
Slevin claims the only response he got while in Dona Ana Detention Center to his repeated requests for antidepressants was an increase in sedatives. Other mentally ill inmates at Dona Ana, according to the class-action lawsuit, struggled to get adequate care as well. One allegedly was punished by a medical technician, who discontinued his medications for two weeks; others complained of side effects but were not offered alternatives, the suit said.
“A jail like Dona Ana County was trying for years to cut costs, and nothing would force them to spend the money that they’re constitutionally required to,” Brendan Egan, an attorney who represented the plaintiffs on behalf of the ACLU and is now in private practice, told msnbc.com. “It’s cruel and unusual punishment. They weren’t willing to put money into it, even though they made money off of this jail. They’re paying the price for how they treated people for years.”
The primary plaintiff named in that suit, Jaime Bravo, was jailed from April 2007 until February 2008 after a domestic dispute. Bravo had depression, anxiety and acute psychosis, the suit said.
Four times during his detainment, Bravo attempted suicide, and each time he was then put in a padded cell or a restraint cell, said court documents.
“On or about November 15, 2007, Mr. Bravo made a fourth suicide attempt, by cutting his arm with a razor blade, necessitating stitches. DACDC staff placed him in a padded cell as a consequence … On or about November 16, 2007, Mr. Bravo tore out his sutures. DACDC staff placed him in a restraint chair as a consequence.”
In jail, mental illness will ‘get exponentially worse’
While Dona Ana County was ordered to pay a total of $400,000 to the plaintiffs, a small amount compared to Slevin’s judgment, the bigger reward was that the jail changed how it handled mentally ill inmates, Egan said.
The jail renovated an entire section and “turned it into a very humane and real mental health unit,” he said. Officials also dedicated beds at a separate mental health hospital staffed by jail guards for the sickest detainees.
“Even if you take someone who has a slight mental illness like depression and you put them in a regular jail, they get worse,” Egan said. “[At Dona Ana County], they would just lock them in. They already had issues and you lock them up 22, 23 hours a day – they’re going to get exponentially worse.”
Just last month, the county approved a $2 million plan for a crisis triage center, which would offer an alternative for mentally ill people other than jail – something Egan believes will help.
“There were no mental health facilities or treatment for homeless people on the street, so you would have people on the street getting arrested basically for being mentally ill,” Egan said. “But once they got arrested, the county commissioners didn’t provide resources.”
According to Fred Osher, director of health systems and services policy at the Council of State Governments Justice Center, people with mental disorders are overrepresented in the mental health system.
“There’s a variety of factors that contribute, but one of the research studies that I did looked at two jails in Maryland and three in New York. Seventy percent [of inmates] met the criteria for mental illness,” he told msnbc.com.
Nationwide, prevalence of severe mental illness among inmates is at least 15 percent, said Richard Bonnie, director of the University of Virginia’s Institute of Law, Psychiatry, and Public Policy.
“There are many factors at work here, but many us involved in this field are convinced that diversion from the criminal justice system into mental health services … can alleviate the problem without compromising public safety,” he told msnbc.com via email.
Jail diversion options include drug courts, where a substance abuse program is worked out instead of a jail sentencing; mental health courts, where a behavioral contract including drug tests and treatment appointments is drawn up; and sometimes, assignment to a mental health probation officer who is trained to handle mental issues and knows how to direct someone to health services.
“Lots of people have recognized there’s this population with severe mental disorders that just isn’t going to do well in a prison population,” said Hafemeister, from the University of Virginia Law School.
Care doesn’t have to cost more
And it doesn’t always have to be expensive to divert those with mental issues, added Osher.
“What many systems are coming to realize is if you provide alternatives, then you can reduce length of stay. You can actually have this be a resource-neutral event. It doesn’t necessarily require an infusion of dollars,” he said. “We’re spending tons of money warehousing, having people in a revolving door without producing good outcomes.”
He cited Montgomery County, Md. as a successful example.
“They do a really nice job in screening and identifying folks with mental illness and diverting them when possible,” he said. The county also tries get to them in psychiatric programs and help them with re-entry into the community, which reduces chances of them returning to jail, and helps them with their medication management as they transition out.
Similar programs are also happening at Alleghany County Jail in Pittsburgh and Miami-Dade, he said. Riker’s Island in New York is undergoing a major transformation with their mental health care as well.
“Good things are happening at Riker’s because of a settlement. The folks at Rikers with mental illness were … without any resources to fend for themselves,” he said. Baltimore and Memphis jails have also reformed their mental health care after being subject to lawsuits.
Training police officers to recognize mental illness is another key, Osher said, so those who need medical help can hopefully get diverted to emergency rooms or psychiatric centers before they are sent to jails in the first place – but only if that’s not where they should be.
“We’re not giving people a pass because they have mental illness,” Osher said. “We’re not being soft on crime. For those individuals that don’t pose a public safety risk, there are these alternatives. There are treatments that can be provided.”
Arizona inmate could face death penalty
The man accused of murdering an Oklahoma couple after escaping from Arizona‘s Kingman state prison in 2010 could face the death penalty.
The U.S. Attorney’s Office for New Mexico filed notice Thursday in U.S. District Court in Albuquerque that it will seek the death penalty on 14 separate counts against John McCluskey. He is accused of carjacking Gary and Linda Haas on Aug.2, 2010, from a New Mexico rest stop on Interstate 40, then shooting them to death and burning their bodies inside their camper.
McCluskey was one of three inmates who took advantage of lax security and faulty alarms to escape on July 30, 2010, from the Kingman prison, run by Management and Training Corp. of Centerville, Utah. The men cut their way out using tools McCluskey’s cousin and fiancee, Casslyn Welch, had tossed over the fence.
Escapee Daniel Renwick took off on his own and was recaptured in Colorado a day later, after a shootout with police. He is serving a 60-year term after pleading guilty to two attempted murder charges last year.
McCluskey, fellow escapee Tracy Province and Welch traveled together, coming across the Haases two days later. Welch and Province pleaded guilty Jan. 20 to a variety of charges in connection with the Haas killings. Province agreed to serve five consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole. Welch faces a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.
In their plea agreements and in prior interviews cited in FBI affidavits, Province and Welch said the trio carjacked the couple to take their pickup truck and camper. After pulling off the interstate onto a ranch road in eastern New Mexico, McCluskey ordered the Haases into the camper while Welch and Province rounded up three small dogs which had leaped out of the pickup truck.
According to the affidavits and plea agreements, McCluskey then shot and killed the couple. The trio drove the truck and camper to a remote spot where they unhitched the trailer and set it on fire with the two bodies inside
A week after the murders, Province separated from the other two. He was captured in Wyoming on Aug. 9, 2010. McCluskey and Welch were recaptured 10 days later at a campground in eastern Arizona.
In filing for the death penalty, Assistant U.S. Attorney Linda Mott alleged that the murders were intentional, and noted that McCluskey has prior convictions for attempted second-degree murder, kidnapping, armed robbery and three aggravated assaults, among others. The filing also alleged that in statements to police after his arrest, McCluskey said he would have killed more people if he hadn’t been recaptured, and that he is a member of the Aryan Brotherhood, a white-supremacist criminal gang.
